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RELATIVE PRICES AND EXCHANGE RATES
| Country | Exchange rate arrangements | Official exchange rate | Ratio of official to parallel exchange rate | Real effective exchange rate | Purchasing Power parity convention factor | Interest rate | Key agricultural Producer prices | |||||
| Classification | Structure | Local Currency units to $ | 1995=100 | Local Currency units to International $ | Deposit % | Lending % | Real % | Wheat $ per metric ton | Maize $ per metric ton | |||
| 1999 | 1999 | 1999 | 1999 | 1999 | 1990 | 1999 | 1999 | 1999 | 1999 | 1998 | 1998 | |
| Bangladesh | P | U | 49.1 | 1.0 | - | 9.1 | 11.6 | 8.7 | 14.1 | 9.1 | 172 | 173 |
| India | IF | U | 43.1 | 1.0 | - | 4.7 | 8.6 | - | 12.5 | 9.0 | 142 | 95 |
| Nepal | P | U | 68.2 | 1.0 | - | 6.2 | 11.7 | 7.3 | 11.3 | 2.6 | 119 | 106 |
| Pakistan | P | U | 49.1 | 0.8 | 92.4 | 5.8 | 11.8 | - | - | - | 125 | 19 |
| Sri Lanka | P | U | 70.4 | 1.0 | - | 9.3 | 17.8 | 11.8 | 7.0 | 2.3 | - | 218 |
Note : a= Exchange
rate arrangements are given for the year end of the year in 1999.
Exchange rate classifications include independent floating (IF), managed
floating (MF) Pegged (P) , currency board (CB) , and several
exchange arrangements (Euro means that the Euro is used), FF that the
currency is paged to the French Franc, and other currency of another country
is used as legal tender ) Exchange rates structures include dual
exchange rates (D) , multiple exchange rates (M) and unitary rate (U).
Data Sources : The information exchange rate arrangements is from
the IMF's Exchange Arrangement and Exchange Restrictions Annual
Report, 1999. The official and real effective exchange rates and deposit
and lending rates are from the IMF's International Financial Statistics
. The estimates of parallel market exchange rates are from the monetary
research institutes, MRI Market's "Guide to Foreign Currency".
PPP conversion factors are from the World Bank. The agricultural price
data are from the FAO's "Production Year Book." The real
interest rates are calculated using World Bank data on the GDP deflator.
World Development Indicators : 2001, The World Bank, Washington, 2001.
States and Markets : 5.6,